The Recommendation sets out eight key competences:
These eight key competences are underpinned by critical thinking, creativity, problem solving, initiative, risk assessment, decision-taking and management of one's own feelings. For the development of school education it is important to note that the key competences include not only the 'traditional' key competences such as mother tongue and foreign languages that are usually taught through subjects, but also the transversal competences such as learning to learn, social and civic, entrepreneurship and cultural competences. These transversal or 'cross-curricular' competences often go beyond subject boundaries and require new approaches to teaching and learning, and a new range of teaching competences.
The need to develop new, holistic approaches to teaching and learning is emphasised in the 2008 Communication of the Commission
Communication in the mother tongue;